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| # | Year | Title | Author | Category | Domain |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [1] | 2020 | Graph Neural Networks: A Review of Methods and Applications | Zhou | Graph ML Methodology | Graph ML Methodology (Foundational) |
| [2] | 2021 | Topologic: Spatial Reasoning Through Geometry, Topology, and Semantics | Jabi | Topology / Graph Data Infrastructure | Topology & Graph Data Infrastructure |
| [3] | 2023 | Design-condition-informed shear wall layout design based on graph neural netwo… | Zhao | Core GNN/GML | Structural Design & Layout Generation |
| [4] | 2023 | Intelligent design method for shear wall layout based on graph neural networks | Zhao | Core GNN/GML | Structural Design & Layout Generation |
| [5] | 2023 | Intelligent beam layout design for frame structure based on graph neural netwo… | Zhao | Core GNN/GML | Structural Design & Layout Generation |
| [6] | 2021 | Universal Digital Twin – A Dynamic Knowledge Graph | Akroyd | Knowledge Graph / Semantic Infrastructure | Energy Estimation & Digital Twins |
| [7] | 2021 | Semantic 3D City Database — An enabler for a dynamic geospatial knowledge grap… | Chadzynski | Knowledge Graph / Semantic Infrastructure | Energy Estimation & Digital Twins |
| [8] | 2020 | Graph2Plan: Learning Floorplan Generation from Layout Graphs | Hu | Core GNN/GML | Structural Design & Layout Generation |
| [9] | 2020 | House-GAN: Relational Generative Adversarial Networks for Graph-Constrained Ho… | Nauata | Core GNN/GML | Structural Design & Layout Generation |
| [10] | 2021 | House-GAN++: Generative Adversarial Layout Refinement Network towards Intellig… | Nauata | Core GNN/GML | Structural Design & Layout Generation |
| [11] | 2025 | A graph-based computational tool for retrieving architectural precedents of bu… | Alymani | EBSCO – Screened | Emerging Applications (2024–2026) |
| [12] | 2025 | Training and evaluating a Co-pilot tool using graph neural networks for genera… | Renner | EBSCO – Screened | Structural Design & Layout Generation |
| [13] | 2025 | Graph neural networks for classification and error detection in 2D architectur… | Ko | EBSCO – Screened | BIM Classification & Semantic Enrichment |
| [14] | 2025 | Optimized graph neural networks for spatial recognition to support automatic b… | Chen | EBSCO – Screened | BIM Classification & Semantic Enrichment |
| [15] | 2025 | VectorGraphNET: Graph Attention Networks for Accurate Segmentation of Complex … | Carrara | EBSCO – Screened | BIM Classification & Semantic Enrichment |
| [16] | 2026 | Ontology Quality Improvement in the Semantic Web: Evidence from Educational Kn… | Jaziri | EBSCO – Screened | Emerging Applications (2024–2026) |
| [17] | 2025 | Automatic Generation of Precast Concrete Component Fabrication Drawings Based … | Zhang | EBSCO – Screened | Structural Analysis & Infrastructure Monitoring |
| [18] | 2025 | Building Information Graphs (BIGs): remodeling building information for learni… | ? | EBSCO – Screened | Emerging Applications (2024–2026) |
| [19] | 2025 | Comprehensive and Dedicated Metrics for Evaluating AI-Generated Residential Fl… | Zeng | EBSCO – Screened | Structural Design & Layout Generation |
| [20] | 2025 | Comprehensive framework for dynamic energy assessment of building systems usin… | Iliadis | EBSCO – Screened | Energy Estimation & Digital Twins |
| [21] | 2025 | Enhancing Engineering and Architectural Design Through Virtual Reality and Mac… | Shehadeh | EBSCO – Screened | Emerging Applications (2024–2026) |
| [22] | 2025 | Graph-based deep fusion for architectural text representation | Hu | EBSCO – Screened | Emerging Applications (2024–2026) |
| [23] | 2025 | Knowledge Support for Emergency Response During Construction Safety Accidents | Tong | EBSCO – Screened | Construction Safety & Knowledge Management |
| [24] | 2025 | Modular Design of Steel Box Girders: A BIM-Driven Framework Integrating Knowle… | Si | EBSCO – Screened | Construction Safety & Knowledge Management |
| [25] | 2025 | PIDQA—Question Answering on Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams | Gupta | EBSCO – Screened | Emerging Applications (2024–2026) |
| [26] | 2025 | Semi-Automated Dataset Generation for Residential Buildings Using Graph-Based … | Massafra | EBSCO – Screened | Emerging Applications (2024–2026) |
| [27] | 2024 | Generation Method for HVAC Systems Design Schemes in Office Buildings Based on… | Wang | EBSCO – Screened | Emerging Applications (2024–2026) |
| [28] | 2023 | Exploring the Fusion of Knowledge Graphs into Cognitive Modular Production | Jaryani | EBSCO – Screened | Construction Safety & Knowledge Management |
| [29] | 2023 | Generalized Permutants and Graph GENEOs | Ahmad | EBSCO – Screened | Seed Paper (General / Unclassified) |
| [30] | 2022 | A Research on Image Semantic Refinement Recognition of Product Surface Defects… | Zhuang | EBSCO – Screened | Seed Paper (General / Unclassified) |
| [31] | 2022 | Directed Representative Graph Modeling of MEP Systems Using BIM Data | Han | EBSCO – Screened | Seed Paper (General / Unclassified) |
| [32] | 2022 | ROADMAP FOR INTEROPERABLE 3D DATA MODELS IN OGC APIS AND OTHER DATA EXCHANGE A… | Atkinson | EBSCO – Screened | Geospatial BIM-GIS Integration |
| [33] | 2022 | The Application of Graph in BIM/GIS Integration | Zhu | EBSCO – Screened | Geospatial BIM-GIS Integration |
| [34] | 2021 | 3DLEB-Net: Label-Efficient Deep Learning-Based Semantic Segmentation of Buildi… | Cao | EBSCO – Screened | Structural Analysis & Infrastructure Monitoring |
| [35] | 2021 | DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF A BIM-GIS INTEGRATED INFORMATION MODEL USING RDF GRAP… | Hor | EBSCO – Screened | Geospatial BIM-GIS Integration |
| [36] | 2021 | ROOM-BASED ENERGY DEMAND CLASSIFICATION OF BIM DATA USING GRAPH SUPERVISED LEA… | Kiavarz | EBSCO – Screened | Energy Estimation & Digital Twins |
| [37] | 2020 | RECONCILING CITY MODELS WITH BIM IN KNOWLEDGE GRAPHS: A FEASIBILITY STUDY OF D… | Huang | EBSCO – Screened | Geospatial BIM-GIS Integration |
| [38] | 2026 | Learning multi-dimensional sensor relationships for robust marine pipeline lea… | Lu | EBSCO – Screened | Structural Analysis & Infrastructure Monitoring |
| [39] | 2022 | 3D Virtual Modeling Realizations of Building Construction Scenes via Deep Lear… | Li | EBSCO – Screened | Structural Analysis & Infrastructure Monitoring |
| [40] | 2022 | IFC BIM Model Enrichment with Space Function Information Using Graph Neural Ne… | Buruzs | EBSCO – Screened | BIM Classification & Semantic Enrichment |
| [41] | 2022 | Knowledge Graphs' Ontologies and Applications for Energy Efficiency in Buildin… | Lygerakis | EBSCO – Screened | Energy Estimation & Digital Twins |
| [42] | 2022 | Knowledge-based virtual outdoor weather event simulator using unity 3D | Noueihed | EBSCO – Screened | Seed Paper (General / Unclassified) |
| [43] | 2021 | A modular graph transformation rule set for IFC‐to‐CityGML conversion | Tauscher | EBSCO – Screened | Geospatial BIM-GIS Integration |
| [44] | 2021 | Selected Artificial Intelligence Methods in the Risk Analysis of Damage to Mas… | Chomacki | EBSCO – Screened | Construction Safety & Knowledge Management |
| [45] | 2020 | Clustering of designers based on building information modeling event logs | Pan | EBSCO – Screened | Seed Paper (General / Unclassified) |
| [46] | 2026 | DRAGON: a dynamic risk-aware graph optimization network for adaptive building … | Abouelaziz | EBSCO – Screened | Emerging Applications (2024–2026) |
| [47] | 2025 | Developing surrogate models for the early-stage design of residential blocks u… | Wu | EBSCO – Screened | Energy Estimation & Digital Twins |
| [48] | 2022 | A semantic graph database for the interoperability of 3D GIS data | Malinverni | EBSCO – Screened | Geospatial BIM-GIS Integration |
| [49] | 2024 | IFC Properties Validation Using Deep Graph Neural Network | Teclaw | EBSCO – Screened | BIM Classification & Semantic Enrichment |
| [50] | 2022 | CADTransformer: Panoptic Symbol Spotting Transformer for CAD Drawings | Fan | EBSCO – Screened | BIM Classification & Semantic Enrichment |
| [51] | 2026 | Making manufacturing knowledge graph more intelligent: A knowledge intelligenc… | Liu | EBSCO – Screened | Emerging Applications (2024–2026) |
| [52] | 2025 | Construction and application of knowledge graph for construction accidents bas… | Wu | EBSCO – Screened | Construction Safety & Knowledge Management |
| [53] | 2023 | Building-GNN: Graph neural networks and recurrent neural networks for architec… | Zhong | Core GNN/GML | Structural Design & Layout Generation |
| [54] | 2020 | Encoding geometric shapes from Building Information Models using graph neural … | Collins | Core GNN/GML | BIM Classification & Semantic Enrichment |
| [55] | 2021 | Assessing IFC Classes with Geometric Deep Learning on Different Graph Encoding… | Collins | Core GNN/GML | BIM Classification & Semantic Enrichment |
| [56] | 2023 | PocketFinderGNN: Graph Neural Network for Manufacturing Feature Recognition | Betkier | Core GNN/GML | BIM Classification & Semantic Enrichment |
| [57] | 2024 | Leveraging Graph Neural Networks for Building Element Classification | Austern | Core GNN/GML | BIM Classification & Semantic Enrichment |
| [58] | 2024 | Structural Analysis Models Using Graph Neural Networks | Nabrotzky | Core GNN/GML | Structural Analysis & Infrastructure Monitoring |
| [59] | 2025 | Enhancing Building Energy Efficiency Estimations Through Graph Machine Learnin… | Jabi | Core GNN/GML | Energy Estimation & Digital Twins |
| [60] | 2025 | Deep Line-Segment Detection-Driven Building Footprints Extraction from Backpac… | Li | Core GNN/GML | Structural Analysis & Infrastructure Monitoring |
| [61] | 2020 | BOT: Building Topology Ontology | Rasmussen | Knowledge Graph / Semantic Infrastructure | Topology & Graph Data Infrastructure |
| [62] | 2020 | Knowledge Graph for Dunhuang Cultural Heritage | Wang | Knowledge Graph / Semantic Infrastructure | Topology & Graph Data Infrastructure |
| [63] | 2020 | A Parallel World Framework for Scenario Analysis in Knowledge Graphs | Eibeck | Knowledge Graph / Semantic Infrastructure | Topology & Graph Data Infrastructure |
| [64] | 2022 | Construction safety ontology development and alignment with industry foundatio… | Farghaly | Knowledge Graph / Semantic Infrastructure | Construction Safety & Knowledge Management |
| [65] | 2021 | A case study comparing the completeness and expressiveness of two industry rec… | Quinn | Knowledge Graph / Semantic Infrastructure | Energy Estimation & Digital Twins |
| [66] | 2020 | Framework for Decentralised Architectural Design — BIM and Blockchain Integrat… | Dounas | Knowledge Graph / Semantic Infrastructure | Topology & Graph Data Infrastructure |
| [67] | 2024 | Extracting Spatial Structure from Building Information Models | Dritsas | Topology / Graph Data Infrastructure | Topology & Graph Data Infrastructure |
| [68] | 2020 | Scan-to-Graph: Semantic Enrichment of Existing Building Geometry | Werbrouck | Topology / Graph Data Infrastructure | Topology & Graph Data Infrastructure |
| [69] | 2024 | Topological BIM for Building Performance | Massafra | Topology / Graph Data Infrastructure | Topology & Graph Data Infrastructure |
| [70] | 2022 | Topological Queries in a Space Partitioning Model | Städtler | Topology / Graph Data Infrastructure | Topology & Graph Data Infrastructure |
| [71] | 2024 | Graph-Based Digital Decision Support: Introducing BTwin | Massafra | Topology / Graph Data Infrastructure | Energy Estimation & Digital Twins |
| [72] | 2020 | Automated Generation of Dimensioned Rectangular Floorplans | Upasani | Layout / Adjacency Graph Pipelines | Structural Design & Layout Generation |
| [73] | 2020 | Generating Layout Designs from High-Level Specifications | Wang | Layout / Adjacency Graph Pipelines | Structural Design & Layout Generation |
| [74] | 2020 | Magnetizing Floor Plan Generator | Gavrilov | Layout / Adjacency Graph Pipelines | Structural Design & Layout Generation |
| [75] | 2021 | Function-Based Design for Early Planning of Healthcare Buildings | eCAADe 2021 Authors | Layout / Adjacency Graph Pipelines | Structural Design & Layout Generation |
| [76] | 2021 | Permutation-Invariant Variational Autoencoder for Graph-Level Representation L… | Winter | Graph ML Methodology | Graph ML Methodology (Foundational) |
| [77] | 2020 | Learning to Simulate and Design for Structural Engineering | Chang | Graph ML Methodology | Graph ML Methodology (Foundational) |
| [78] | 2024 | Graph Neural Networks for Node Classification and Attribute Allocation in Arch… | Wassim Jabi and Yang Li | Seed Paper | Emerging Applications (2024–2026) |
| [79] | 2024 | BRIDGING BIM AND AI: A Graph-BIM Encoding Approach For Detailed 3D Layout Gene… | Jiadong Liang and Ximing Zhong and Immanuel Koh | Seed Paper | Structural Design & Layout Generation |
| [80] | 2022 | EXPLORING THE TOPOLOGICAL SYSTEM OF DOUGONG | Han Ting Lin and June Hao Hou | Seed Paper | Seed Paper (General / Unclassified) |
| [81] | 2024 | Building Information Model Analysis Through Large Language Models and Knowledg… | Angelo Massafra and Ugo Maria Coraglia and Giorgia Predari and Riccardo Gulli | Seed Paper | Emerging Applications (2024–2026) |
| [82] | 2023 | A LARGE SCALE 3D PRINTING METHOD FOR SKELETONIZED SURFACES BASED ON GRAPH THEO… | Xinjie Zhou and Lei Gong and Philip F. Yuan | Seed Paper | Seed Paper (General / Unclassified) |
| [83] | 2024 | Estimating Relative Pedestrian Crowd Distribution: A visibility-graph-based an… | Yuqin Zhong and Zhi Sheng Tan and Panagiotis Mavros and Christoph Hölscher and Bige Tunçer | Seed Paper | Emerging Applications (2024–2026) |
| [84] | 2023 | EXPLORING RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN LOCATIONS OF DAILY ACTIVITIES AND PERMEABILITY… | Kenichi Shinozaki and Haruyuki Fujii | Seed Paper | Seed Paper (General / Unclassified) |
| [85] | 2022 | Running, Running, Stop Applying graph theory to pathfinding analysis to improv… | Scarlet Rogers and Tom Rubennach and Ben Doherty and Nicole Gardner and M. Hank Haeusler and K. Daniel Yu | Seed Paper | Seed Paper (General / Unclassified) |
| [86] | 2013 | Designing with Space Syntax | Pirouz Nourian and Samaneh Rezvani and Sevil Sariyildiz | Seed Paper | Seed Paper (General / Unclassified) |
| [87] | 2019 | Applied Spatial Accessibility Analysis for Urban Design - An integrated graph-… | Serjoscha Düring and Andrej Sluka and Ondrej Vesely and Reinhard König | Seed Paper | Seed Paper (General / Unclassified) |
| [88] | 2024 | Comparison of GAN-based Spatial Layout Generation: Research Focusing on AIBIM-… | Hyejin Park and Hyeongrno Gu and Soonmin Hong and Seungyeon Choo | Seed Paper | Structural Design & Layout Generation |
| [89] | 2019 | A Holistic Approach to Feature-based Structural Mapping in Cross Laminated Tim… | Mehmet Sinan Bermek and Dennis Shelden and T. Russel Gentry | Seed Paper | Seed Paper (General / Unclassified) |
| [90] | 2021 | Land use type allocation informed by urban energy performance: A use case for … | Zhongming Shi and Pieter Herthogs and Shiying Li and Arkadiusz Chadzynski and Mei Qilim and Aurel von Richthofen and Stephen Cairns and Markus Kraft | Seed Paper | Energy Estimation & Digital Twins |
| [91] | 2022 | Unlocking Urban Simulation Data with a Semantic City Planning System: Ontologi… | Ayda Grisiute and Heidi Silvennoinen and Shiying Li and Arkadiusz Chadzynski and Aurel Von Richthofen and Pieter Herthogs | Seed Paper | Structural Design & Layout Generation |
| [92] | 2024 | A Knowledge Graph Model for Performance-Based Generative Design and Its Applic… | Zhaoji Wu and Zhe Wang and JackC.P. Cheng and HelenH.L. Kwok | Seed Paper | Emerging Applications (2024–2026) |
| [93] | 1998 | Campus Guided Tour VR System for the University of Hong Kong | C. Yeung and C. Kan and J. Bradford and R. Wong | Seed Paper | Seed Paper (General / Unclassified) |
| [94] | 2013 | A Generative Approach towards Performance-Based Design | Tiemen Strobbe and Ronald De Meyer and Jan Van Campenhout | Seed Paper | Seed Paper (General / Unclassified) |
| [95] | 2020 | Reasoning in Common Data Environments Re-thinking CDEs to enhance collaboratio… | Davide Simeone and Stefano Cursi and Ugo Maria Coraglia and Antonio Fioravanti | Seed Paper | BIM Classification & Semantic Enrichment |
| [96] | 2021 | Open-ArcH: An open knowledge-based system for architectural heritage represent… | Davide Simeone and Stefano Cursi and Antonio Fioravanti and Ugo Maria Coraglia | Seed Paper | Seed Paper (General / Unclassified) |
| [97] | 2023 | RECTANGULAR FLOORPLANS WITH BLOCK SYMMETRY | Shiksha Shiksha and Krishnendra Shekhawat and Sujay Rastogi and Aishwarya Kondaveeti and Jose´ P. Duarte | Seed Paper | Structural Design & Layout Generation |
| [98] | 2020 | Construction of architectural floor plans for given adjacency requirements | Krishnendra Shekhawat and Pinki Pinki | Seed Paper | Structural Design & Layout Generation |
| [99] | 2021 | A graph theoretic approach for the automated generation of dimensioned floorpl… | Krishnendra Shekhawat | Seed Paper | Structural Design & Layout Generation |
| [100] | 2016 | Ivy: Bringing a Weighted-Mesh Representations to Bear on Generative Architectu… | Andrei Nejur and Kyle Steinfeld | Seed Paper | Seed Paper (General / Unclassified) |
| [101] | 2019 | Visual Representation of Adjacencies - A NetLogo application to turn functiona… | Wolfgang Lorenz and Gabriel Wurzer | Seed Paper | Seed Paper (General / Unclassified) |
| [102] | 2023 | CROSS-DISCIPLINARY SEMANTIC BUILDING FINGERPRINTS: Knowledge Graphs To Store T… | Christoph Langenhan and Jessica Bielski and Christoph Ziegler and Viktor Eisenstadt and Klaus Dieter Althoff and Andreas Dengel | Seed Paper | BIM Classification & Semantic Enrichment |
| [103] | 2017 | Decoding Parametric Design Data - Towards a Heterogeneous Design Search Space … | Immanuel Koh and Paul Keel and Jeffrey Huang | Seed Paper | Seed Paper (General / Unclassified) |
| [104] | 2000 | A Derivation Graph of Computer Models for the Design Process on the Web | J.H.-L. Huang and Teng-Wen Chang and Antony Radford | Seed Paper | Seed Paper (General / Unclassified) |
| [105] | 2020 | User-driven parcellation of high-rise units for future urban habitation: Parti… | Oliver Heckmann and Michael Budig and Zack Xuereb Conti and Ray Chern Xi Cheng and Sky Lo Tian Tian | Seed Paper | Seed Paper (General / Unclassified) |
| [106] | 2004 | Application of Bond Graph Models to the Representation of Buildings and Their … | John S. Gero and Jerry Jen-Hung Tsai | Seed Paper | Seed Paper (General / Unclassified) |
| [107] | 2023 | Using Text Understanding to Create Formatted Semantic Web from BIM | Jingming Li | Seed Paper | BIM Classification & Semantic Enrichment |
| [108] | 2021 | Finding Optimal Path Planning Method for Building Navigation in BIM | Michał Jarzyna | Seed Paper | Structural Design & Layout Generation |
| [109] | 2022 | Space Matcher An interactive toolbox for assisting in spatializing \& testing … | Ekaterina Fuchkina and Martin Bielik and Sven Schneider and Tobias Ossenberg-Engels and Alexander Hämmerle | Seed Paper | Structural Design & Layout Generation |
| [110] | 2021 | Topology generated non-fungible tokens: Blockchain as infrastructurefor a circ… | Theodoros Dounas and Wassim Jabi and Davide Lombardi | Seed Paper | Seed Paper (General / Unclassified) |
| [111] | 2007 | Sieve_n | Athanassios Economou and Thomas Grasl | Seed Paper | Seed Paper (General / Unclassified) |
| [112] | 2020 | An Academy of Spatial Agents Generating spatial configurations with deep reinf… | Pedro Veloso and Ramesh Krishnamurti | Seed Paper | Seed Paper (General / Unclassified) |